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土曜日, 6月 08, 2019

ケルトンcnbcインタビュー

Bernie Sanders' 2016 Advisor On Trump's Economy And Modern Monetary Theory
https://youtu.be/7cho7naef_k



転載:ケルトン教授インタビュー2019 CNBC
https://nam-students.blogspot.com/2019/06/2019526.html
編集中

ステファニー・ケルトン教授、財政赤字神話について、財政とインフレについて|MMT(現代金融理論)「論」ウオッチング!

さて、すっかり有名人のケルトン先生ですが、最近は財政赤字についての人々の認識を変えようという方面でがんばっておられますね!
来月は「財政赤字の神話」、という本を出されるようです。
発売の前に、だいたいの主張を知っておこうではありませんか\(^o^)/
インフレについてのMMTの実に繊細な考え方がわかろうというものです。

ソースはこちらhttps://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/01/bernie-sanders-economic-advisor-stephanie-kelton-on-mmt-and-2020-race.html


該当インタビュー
https://youtu.be/7cho7naef_k


https://youtu.be/-99yhmKSWNE




Jordan Malter, CNBC: You wrote an article in The New York Times. It was titled, “How we think about the deficit is mostly wrong.” What’s the conventional thinking and why is it wrong?
Stephanie Kelton: So the conventional thinking about budget deficits, I think, tends to be that people look at a deficit and they think that it’s evidence of overspending. They think it’s evidence the government is mismanaging its books. That it’s done something wrong. [But] evidence of overspending is inflation.
So what is the budget deficit? I like to do this by using an example. I think it helps people. If you think of the government deficit as the difference between what the government spends into the economy and what it taxes back out, then imagine a government that spends $100 into the U.S. economy but it only taxes $90 back out. We label that a government deficit and we record that on the government’s books. But what we forget to do, is pay attention to the fact that there’s now $10 somewhere in the economy that wouldn’t have been there otherwise, that is put there by the government’s deficit. In other words, their deficits become our surpluses. So when we talk about the government having all this red ink, we have to remind ourselves that their red ink becomes our black ink, and their deficits are our surpluses.

あなたはニューヨークタイムスに 「赤字をどう考えるかが違っている」(邦訳)[http://econdays.net/?p=9512☆]と題した記事を書かれています。いったい財政赤字は一般的にはどう考えられていて、どう間違っているのですか? 


一般的に財政赤字とは、赤字という言葉から浪費の証拠と考えられがちだと思います。政府が帳簿を管理できていない証拠だと考えるわけです。何か良くないことなのだと。 ところが、過剰消費の証拠になるのは財政赤字ではなく、インフレなのですね。

そもそも財政赤字とは何でしょう? 私はよくこんな言い方をしています。財政赤字は人々を援助するものですよ、と。政府の赤字とは、経済の中に政府が支出した額と税で回収した額との差です。想像してみましょう。政府が米国経済に100ドルを支出し、税による回収は90ドルだけでした。これは政府の赤字であると識別され、政府の帳簿はそう記録されます。しかしこのとき、財政赤字が作り出した10ドルが経済のどこかに存在することになったという事実に注意を向けることを私たちは忘れがちです。つまり、政府の赤字とは私たちの黒字になっているのです。なので、政府の赤色ラベルについて話し合うときには、それは私たちにとっての黒ラベルになるものであること、政府の赤字は私たちの黒字であることをないつも気にかけておくことです。
Malter: So, do deficits and aggregate debt matter at all? At some point can a country have too much debt?
Kelton: So the deficit definitely matters. It’s just that it matters in ways that we’re not normally taught to understand. Normally, I think people tend to hear deficit and think it’s something that we should strive to eliminate, that we shouldn’t be running budget deficits. That they’re evidence of fiscal irresponsibility. And the truth is the deficit can be too big. Evidence of a deficit that’s too big would be inflation.
But the deficit can also be too small. It can be too small to support demand in the economy and evidence of a deficit that is too small is unemployment. So, deficits can be too big, but they can also be too small. And the right level of the deficit is the one that gets you a balanced overall economy. The one that allows you to achieve high levels of employment and low inflation.
では、赤字や債務残高は問題にならないのですか?どこかの水準では国の借金が多すぎることにはなりませんか?

5:30
財政赤字はものすごく重要なものです。ただ重要な理由は、私たちが教えられて続けてきたような理由とは違います。ふつう人々は赤字と聞くと、何かそれを解消するために努力しなければならないものであるとか、そもそも財政赤字は発生してはいけないものだというように思ってしまいます。赤字は政府が無責任な証拠であると考えるのです。でもそれは本当は、赤字が大きすぎれば問題になるということなのです。インフレは赤字が大きすぎすぎることの証拠になります。

逆に赤字が小さすぎることもあります。 赤字が小さすぎると需要を支えることができません。失業は赤字が小さすぎることの証拠になります。 このように財政赤字は、大きすぎることもあれば小さすぎることもあります。だから財政赤字の適正水準は、全体でバランスのとれた経済を私たちにもたらすようなところにあります。それは高いレベルの雇用を低いインフレで達成するような水準です。
Malter: Where does growth play into this? You’re saying high unemployment means that the deficit might be too small. Is low growth also a sign of the deficit being too small?
Kelton: Well, it depends because you’ve got to balance the potential benefits from higher growth against the risks of higher inflation. And so you may see a slow-growing economy that has close to full employment and inflation at about 2 percent. The question is then: Should you expand fiscal policy? Should you run bigger budget deficits in order to boost growth? So what is the objective? What is the proper policy goal? I think the right policy goal is to maintain a balanced economy where you’re at full employment and you’re guarding against an acceleration in inflation risk.
Economists tend to understand that the kinds of things that you can do to boost longer-term growth are investments in things like education, infrastructure, R&D. Those are the sorts of things that tend to accelerate productivity growth so that longer-term real GDP growth can be higher. So there are ways in which the government can make investments today — that increase deficits today — that produce higher growth tomorrow and build in the extra capacity to absorb those higher deficits.
そこで経済成長はどう関連するのでしょうか。失業率が高いということは、赤字が少なすぎるということだと言われましたが、低成長もまた赤字が小さすぎることのサインでしょうか?
それは場合によります。そこから高い成長に持っていくことで見込める利益と、そうなった時のインフレとの間のバランスを考える必要あります。たとえば、ゆっくりと成長している経済があって、今はほぼ完全雇用状態であり、インフレ率は2%程度であるとしましょう。問題はこうなります:財政を拡大するべきでしょうか?成長を後押しするためにより多くの財政赤字を計上するべきでしょうか?では、その目的は何ですか?適切な政策目標とはいったい何ですか?そこでの正しい政策目標とは、完全雇用であり、インフレ加速のリスクを避けた、バランスの取れた経済を維持することだ考えています。

経済学者は、長期的な成長を促すために私たちにできることは、教育、インフラ、研究開発などへの投資であると考えるものです。そうした投資は生産性の成長を加速させ、長期的な実質GDP成長率を高めるでしょう。そのために政府がいま投資する方法がいろいろあるのです。いま財政赤字を増やせば、それは明日の高成長を生み出し、そのとき増えた赤字を吸収できるキャパシティが新しく追加されているのです。
Malter: I want to talk a little bit more about the policy proposals a little bit later but before that, Modern Monetary Theory — MMT — can you explain that?
Kelton: MMT starts with a really simple observation and that is that the U.S. dollar is a simple public monopoly. In other words, the United States currency comes from the United States government. It can’t come from anywhere else. And therefore, it can never run out of money. It cannot face a solvency problem, bills coming due that it can’t afford to pay. It never has to worry about finding the money in order to be able to spend. It doesn’t need to go and raise taxes or borrow money before it is able to spend.
So what that means is that the federal government is nothing like a household. In order for households or private businesses to be able to spend, they’ve got to come up with the money, right? And the federal government doesn’t have to behave like a household. In fact, it becomes really destructive for the economy if the government tries to behave like a household. You and I are using the U.S. dollar. States and municipalities — the state of Kansas or Detroit — they’re also using the U.S. dollar. Private businesses are using the dollar. The federal government of the United States is issuing our currency, and so we have a very different relationship to the currency. That means that in order to spend, the government doesn’t have to do what a household or a private business has to do: find the money. The government can simply spend the money into the economy and when it does, the rest of us end up receiving that spending as part of our income.
政策提案について後ほど伺いますが、その前にまず現代貨幣理論(MMT)について説明していただけますか。

4:40
MMTの本当に単純な観察結果から出発します。それは米ドルは単純な公的独占であるということです。 別の言い方をすれば、アメリカ合衆国の通貨はアメリカ合衆国政府を起源としています。合衆国政府以外のところから来ることはありえません。そして、それゆえに、政府が通貨を使い果たすことはあり得ないことになります。政府は支払い能力の問題には直面しようがありませんし、政府への請求書が支払い不能になることもありえません。政府は支出の元手を探す心配がないのです。支出に先立って増税したりお金と借りたりする必要がそもそもないのです。

つまり、連邦政府は一般家庭と似てはいないのです。家計や民間企業が支出するときにはお金の用意を考えておくものですよね。 連邦政府は家計のような、そんなことをする必要がありません。むしろ、政府が一般世帯のように行動しようとすると、経済がひどい打撃を受けます。あなたや私は米ドルを使います。 州や自治体 - カンザス州やデトロイト市 - は米ドルを使います。 民間企業はドルを使います。対して 米国の連邦政府は、通貨の発行しています。だから通貨との関係が違うのです。 つまり政府は支出に先立って、政府は世帯や民間企業がしなければならないことをする必要がない。お金を確保しておく必要がない。 政府は経済に対してお金を支出することができる。その支出は民間の私たちの収入の一部として受け取られている。シンプルにこういうことです。


Malter: How much is too much? The CBO estimates that if things remain unchanged, the debt will be 152 percent of GDP in 2048. That will be the highest in the nation’s history. Is that too much?
Kelton: Let’s remember what the national debt is. The national debt is nothing more than a historical record of all of the dollars that the government spent into the economy and didn’t tax back that are currently being held in the form of safe U.S. Treasurys. That’s what the national debt is. So the question about whether the debt is too big or too small (or whether it might get too big at some point in the future) is really a question about whether that’s too many safe assets for people to hold 10, 20, 50 years from now.
If you think about what happened after World War II, when the U.S. national debt went in excess of 100 percent, close to 125 percent of GDP. If we were talking about it the way we talk about it today as burdening future generations as posing a grave national security risk, we would have to scratch our heads and say, wait a minute. Do we think that our grandparents burdened the next generation with all of those bonds that were sold during World War II to win the war, build the strongest middle class, produce the longest period of peacetime prosperity, the golden age of capitalism, all of that followed in the wake of fighting World War II, increasing deficits, massively increasing the size of the national debt. And of course the next generation inherits those bonds. They don’t become burdens to the next generation. They become their assets.
7:56
So it’s impossible really to put a number, nobody can. How much debt is too much debt? If you look at Japan today you see a country where the debt-to-GDP ratio is something like 240 percent. Well above, orders of magnitude above, where the U.S. is today or even where the U.S. is forecast to be in the future. And so, the question is how is Japan able to sustain a debt of that size? Wouldn’t it have an inflation problem? Wouldn’t it lead to rising interest rates? Wouldn’t this be destructive in some way? And the answer to all of those questions, as Japan has demonstrated now for years is simply: No. Japan’s debt is close to 240 percent of GDP — almost a quadrillion, that’s a very big number, yen. Long-term interest rates are very close to zero, there’s no inflation problem. And so despite the size of the debt there are no negative consequences as a result and I think Japan teaches us a really important lesson.
Really, the only potential risk with the national debt increasing over time is inflation and to the extent that you don’t believe the U.S. has a long-term inflation problem you shouldn’t believe that the U.S. is facing a long-term debt problem.



VIDEO04:09
Next Recession: Global slowdown ‘real’ but U.S. economy ‘resilient’ says Kelton



いったい支出はどのくらいだと多すぎることになりますか? CBO(議会予算局)はこのままの状況が続けば、2048年には政府債務がGDPの152%になると推定しています。これは史上最高の水準になります。これは多すぎませんか?
国の借金とはいったい何でしょうか。 国の債務とは歴史的な記録に他ならないのですよ。過去に政府が経済に対して支出したすべてのドルうち、まだ徴税されていない分の中で、いまは米国財務省証券という安全な形で保有されている分の記録に他なりません。それが国の借金です。 ですから、国の借金が大きすぎるだろうか、小さすぎるだろうか(あるいは将来的に大きすぎことになるかどうか)という問題は、実際には10年、20年、50年後に安全資産が多くなりすぎているだろうかという問題に帰するのです。

9:05
第二次世界大戦後、アメリカの国債残高がGDPの100パーセントを超え125パーセントに近づいたときがありました、そのときに何か起こったのかを考えてみてください。このことを指して、ちょうど私たちが今話題にしているように、それが重大な国家安全保障上の危険をもたらすとか、将来の世代に負担をかけていると言う人がいたら、  
髪をかきむしりながらちょっと待ってと止めますよね。私たちの祖父母が次世代に負担をもたらしたと思うのですか?第二次世界大戦中に売られたその国債は、戦争に勝利し、最強の中産階級を築き、最長の平和時代の繁栄、資本主義の黄金時代を生み出すことになりました。戦後赤字はさら増加し、政府債務の規模は拡大してきました。そしてもちろん、続く世代はそれらを受け継ぎました。次世代への負担になったのではありません。それは次世代の資産になったのです。

7:56
ですから、政府債務がいくらだったら多すぎるかを言うことは誰にもできません。今の日本は、債務がGDPの240パーセントほどです。米国も、今よりかなり、いや、桁違いに大きなものになるでしょう。CBOの将来予測よりもです。そこで疑問は、日本があの規模の債務をどうやって維持しているかです。 インフレ問題はありますか? 金利上昇につながっていませんか?何ら破壊的なことがありますか?日本が長年にわたり実証してきたように、これらは全部、シンプルにノーです。日本の債務はGDPの240パーセントに近いほぼ1000兆円と、とても大きな数字です。 長期金利はほぼゼロで、インフレの問題もありません。つまり、債務規模は悪影響になっていないのです。日本は私たちに本当に重要な教訓をもたらしていると思います。

国の債務が長期にわたって増加するときのただ一つの潜在リスクは本当はインフレなのです。だから、あなたが米国に長期のインフレ問題があると思っていないならば、米国が長期債務問題に直面していると考えるのはおかしいことです。


 Malter: Isn’t it a valid concern that printing more money to pay for spending, especially when we’re not in a recession, will result in inflation and destroy the spending power of regular people. 
Kelton: If Congress got together and wrote a budget and decided they were going to put trillions of additional dollars into something like infrastructure investment, noting that our national infrastructure is approaching kind of Third World standards, and they said let’s put several trillion dollars in and not offset any of that new spending. They just said, “Let’s spend $3 trillion more into the U.S. economy.” Would that be problematic? The answer is almost certainly yes, because we have an economy that has approached full employment (I don’t believe we’re there).
But the question is always: How much capacity does the economy have to absorb any new spending without prices beginning to rise?
So look, the Republicans passed the tax cuts and we now know that that added about $1.9 trillion to deficits over the next 10 years. There were people at the time who said, “The U.S. economy cannot take $1.9 trillion in fiscal stimulus. We’re at full employment, if we do this it’s going to create all kinds of problems. Interest rates will spike, inflation will accelerate, growth will slow.” None of those things happened and the answer to the question why is because the economy had the capacity to absorb it.
景気後退期でないときにお金を印刷を増やして支出を行うとインフレが発生し、一般の人々の支出力が破壊されるとの懸念は当然のことではないでしょうか?

たとえば議会の議論の結果予算案ができて、インフラ投資などに数兆ドルもの新規投資を行うと決議された。そしてこんな但し書きが付いた。「国内インフラはまるで第三世界標準にまで近づいているから、数兆ドルを投資する。その投資は互いに相殺しないものとする」。これを単に「米国の経済に三兆ドルを追加支出だ!」とだけ言ったら、問題になりませんか? 反応はほぼ確実です。なぜなら、私たちは完全雇用に近い経済状態にあるから(私はそう考えていませんが)インフレを心配する声が上がります。つまり、問題はいつもこうなのです。「この経済は、価格を上昇させることなしに、どれだけの新規支出を吸収できるのか。」

ここで思い出してください。共和党は減税法案を可決し、その結果、今後10年間で約1.9兆ドルの財政赤字が追加されましたよね。これに対し次のように問うた人々がいました。「米国経済は1.9兆ドルの財政刺激を受容することなどできない。私たちは完全雇用状態にある。だからそんなことをすればあらゆる種類の問題が起こる!」しかしそんなことは何も起こらなかった。この経済はそれを吸収する能力を持っていた、というのが実際のところだったのです。
Malter: From my understanding, one way to fight inflation (if we do get to that point of inflation) under MMT, is to raise taxes. So my question there is: Isn’t it the wrong time to raise taxes when people are having trouble paying for basic goods? And is that even politically feasible? It seems like it would be easier to have the Fed raise rates or something like that?
Kelton: So the best defense against inflation is a good offense, and what MMT does is to try to be I think kind of hypersensitive to the risks of inflation. I don’t see any other macro school of thought pay as careful attention as we do to the inflation risk question. And so what we would say is: Look, if you are Congress and if you are considering a new spending bill, instead of thinking about the ways in which that new spending will add to the deficit or add to the debt, you should be thinking about the ways in which that new spending has the risk of accelerating inflation. And then avoid doing that.
So instead of going to the Congressional Budget Office and saying, “Would you take a look at this piece of legislation and give us feedback? We’d like to know what this bill will do to the debt and the deficit over time.” Instead, go to the Congressional Budget Office or other government agencies and say, “We’re considering passing this trillion-dollar investment in infrastructure. This is our bill would you look at it? And we plan to do this spending over the course of the next five years. Tell us if that would create problems in the real economy. Evaluate the inflation risk and come back to us and give us some feedback.” And if that feedback comes back and they say five years is too fast, we don’t have enough slack in the U.S. economy you should spread it over seven or 10, that’s the kind of responsible budgeting that I think that I would like to see Congress begin to move toward.
So there is always the risk of inflation with any additional spending once you get close to full employment. Not just from government, but if the rest of the world increase their appetite suddenly for the goods and services that we produce here in the U.S. and we’re already at full employment, then foreign demand carries inflation risk. If consumers got very optimistic, if we had a housing bubble and people were leveraging up using the equity in their homes to finance new spending, that spending would carry inflation risk. So there’s always the risk of inflation if you spend too much. What MMT tries to do is to maintain the level of spending in the aggregate at the level that is just compatible with full employment and price stability.
The question about what to do if inflation becomes a problem is a different one. And I think the first thing you have to do is say: “What is driving the inflation? What’s the source of the inflationary pressure?” Because to think that the inflation that is going to be become important at some future date is likely to be the result of an overheating economy of too much aggregate spending is really hard to believe.
I mean, the U.S. economy hasn’t experienced what we might call Demand-Pull Inflation for almost a century. The types of inflation episodes that have been important in the U.S. have almost always come on the cost side, what we call Cost-Push Inflation. They come about because of things like oil price shocks. You might see increases in headline inflation rates because the housing component or health care. Energy is the more likely. These tend to be the more important drivers of inflation.
And so when you think about how to fight inflation, I think the first question is to understand what the source of the inflationary pressure is and then to move forward with a policy tool that you think is going to help you get at that inflation. If you’ve got inflation resulting from energy price increases it’s probably not going to do much to have the Fed raise interest rates or even to have Congress raise taxes. You’ve got to do something else that’s going to work.
I reject the idea that MMT is about using taxes to fight inflation. That’s a mischaracterization of pretty much everything we’ve written, but people say it all the time.

私の理解では、MMTにおいては、インフレと闘う手段の一つとして(インフレがある水準に達したときの)増税があるとのことです。するとこんな疑問が出てきます。もしその時、人々が基本的な商品の支払いに困っているような状況だとすれば、増税にふさわしい時ではないのではありませんか? また増税は政治的に実現可能でしょうか? だったらFRBによる金利引き上げのような政策を選んだ方が簡単に思えるのですが?
10:20
インフレに対する最善の防御は上手に攻めることなのですよ。MMTがやるのは、インフレのリスクに対しては物凄く神経質に考えるようにすることです。 マクロ経済の学派の中で、私たちほどインフレリスクの問題に注意を向けているところがあるとは思えません。私たちや議会が新しい支出法案を検討するときって、その新しい支出が赤字を増やしたり借金を増やしたりするかどうかが考慮されているわけですが、それはやめて、こう考えるべきです。その新たな支出にはインフレを加速させるリスクがどれくらいあるだろうと。そして、やり方を変えるのです。

これまでは議会予算局に行って「この法律をチェックして結果を教えてください。この支出によって債務と赤字が今後どうなりますか?」と聞いたものでした。これからはそうではなく、議会予算局なり他の政府機関なりに行って、こう聞きましょう。「インフラへのこの1兆ドルの投資を通過させることを検討しています。これが明細ですがチェックしていただけますか?この支出は今後5年間に分けて支払う予定ですが、これが実体経済に問題を起こすかどうかを教えてください。つまりインフレのリスクを計算してその結果を教えてください。」その結果、五年の支払いでは短すぎることがわかれば、米国経済にはそれほど十分なスラック(遊び)がないということなので、スパンを七〜十年に広げるべきでしょう。こういった責任ある予算というものに議会が向かい始めるのを見たいものです。

それから、完全雇用に近づくほどに、追加の財政支出には常にインフレのリスクが伴うことになっていきます。政府支出だけではありません。米国で生産される商品やサービスの需要が海外で急増し、そのとき完全雇用であれば、外需にインフレリスクが伴うことになります。あるいは、消費者がとても楽観的になった場合、仮に住宅バブルが発生していて、人々が住居を元手に新たな支出をするとすれば、これもインフレリスクです。つまり、私たちの過剰支出には常にインフレリスクがあります。 MMTがやろうとしているのは、全体の支出水準を、完全雇用と物価の安定と両立する水準に維持しようとすることです。

11:45
もしインフレが問題になったら何をすると聞かれますが、その質問はちょっと違います。最初にこう問うべきなはずです。「このインフレをもたらすものは何だろう?このインフレ圧の原因は何だう?」。なにしろ、政府の総支出が多すぎることで経済が過熱する結果、将来のある時点でインフレが重大な問題になる可能性が高いと考える、そのことが信じられません。

それはこういうことです。米国経済がデマンドプルインフレと呼べるものを経験したことは、この一世紀ほどもうないのです。米国で重要とされてきたインフレの実例は、ほぼぜんぶコスト面の要因から来たものです。これはコストプッシュインフレと呼ばれるものです。これは石油価格のショックのようなものが原因で起こります。住宅材料や医療費が原因で、消費者物価が上がることもあります。エネルギーがもっと典型的ですな。インフレの主たる推進力になるのは需要よりもこれらです。

ですから、インフレとの戦い方を考える場合に最初に問われるべきことは、そのインフレ圧力の源がいったい何であるかを理解することであり、次に、そのインフレを撃つのにふさわしい政策ツールで対応していくことだと考えています。 エネルギー価格の上昇によってインフレが発生した場合は、FRBに金利を引き上げさせたり、議会に税金を引き上げさせたりしてもおそらくあまり効果はありません。もっと有効な何かをしなければなりません。

MMTはインフレと闘うために税を使うという考えを拒否します。それは私たちが書いてきた内容のほとんどすべてと相容れない誤解なのですが、なぜか皆さんはいつもそうだと言うのですね。 


Malter: From your perspective what is it OK to spend on versus what do you think is sort of a waste of deficit spending?
Kelton: So it’s a great thing to think about: How close are we to having an economy that is already using its resources so fully that if the government were to try to come in, or if any additional spending were to happen, that we would see an acceleration of inflation to levels that we find intolerable.
So are there things the government could safely spend money on today even though we may have an economy that’s very close to approaching full employment? And I think the answer is yes, because there are things the government can spend money on today that actually create more room in the economy to produce more, so that we can absorb that additional spending. The kinds of investments that would allow you to do that would be things like infrastructure investment, like R&D. Things that lead to breakthroughs, technological innovation that allow the economy to be more productive, that raise productivity. Education is another good example.
Malter: There’s a lot of chatter about debt and deficits but I feel like there’s not a lot of action. So in some ways haven’t politicians already taken your advice and they’ve just kept cutting taxes and kept spending?
Kelton: I think that in a sense the Republican tax cuts have given us a really good lesson in MMT. The risks are always on the inflation side. And so again many economists were warning that the tax cuts would be risky and irresponsible and have all kinds of negative effects, according to traditional modeling and traditional approaches. And now the evidence is in, and once again we have engaged in deficit spending without any of the fallout the textbooks and the conventional narratives have warned about, so I think it’s a pretty good lesson in MMT.

その視点からすれば、「何に使えばOKなのか」VS「赤字支出の垂れ流しをどう考えるか」ということですね。
それで、こんな風に考えてもらえたら素晴らしいです。私たちの経済は、資源をフルに使っている状態にいったいどれだけ近いのか。ほとんどその状態になっていれば、そこに政府が割り込んだり追加の支出が発生したりすれば、耐え難いほどのインフレになりえます。

では、私たちが完全雇用に近づくのに非常に近い経済状態であるとして。政府が安全にお金を使うことができるところはあるでしょうか? その答えはイエスです。政府が今日お金を支出し、それが経済の生産力を高める余地を増やすようなところがあるのです。そこへの追加支出ならば吸収できるのです。そうしたことが可能になるところとは、インフラ投資や研究開発といったところです。ブレークスルーや技術革新のように、経済をより生産的にすることを可能にし、生産性を高めるの。 教育も良い例です。

借金や赤字についてはあれこれ議論されていますが、実際の行動はそれほど多くないように感じます。ある意味で、政治家はすでにあなたのアドバイスを受け入れていて、彼らは単に減税し続け、支出し続けているのではないですか?

共和党の減税は、ある意味に私たちにMMTで本当に良い教訓をもたらしたと思います。リスクはいつでも財政赤字ではなくインフレなのです。あの時も、多くの経済学者はがこの減税は危険で無責任であり、伝統的なモデルや伝統的なアプローチによればあらゆる種類の悪影響をもたらすだろうと警告ましたね。もう証拠は出揃っています。ここでもやはり、教科書や一般的な物語が警告していた影響など一切なしの赤字財政支出ができています。だからこのことはとても良いMMTの教訓だと思います。
 Malter: With regard to our president, he has coined himself “The King of Debt” before and you mentioned how personal debt and business debt is very different for government debt. So is it OK to be the “King of Debt” when you’re the president of the United States?
13:10
Kelton: At some point [Trump] said, you know after initially worrying about the national debt as a candidate, he talked about the need to possibly renegotiate the debt, negotiate with our creditors and there was a lot of backlash against those comments. And I think he had a really important conversation with someone and then he changed his narrative. He came out and he said, “Let me tell you, you don’t have to negotiate with your creditors OK? I hate to tell you but we print the money OK? I hate to tell you there’s never going to be a default.” So, I think the king of debt figured out that there’s a difference between taking on debt to finance casinos and real estate in your personal capacity or in your capacity as a business, and taking on and selling Treasurys and having a national debt and being able to afford to make every payment on time in perpetuity.
Malter: What was it like advising Bernie Sanders back in the 2016 election?
Kelton: Well he knew what he wanted to do. He already had an agenda laid out before the two of us even met for the first time. He had a 12-point agenda that became sort of the bedrock for his presidential run. And so I was useful to him where I could be, but the big policy ideas had taken shape really before I got involved.



トランプ大統領についてですが、あなたが政府の債務は個人や企業の債務とはまったく異なるとおっしゃるより先に自ら「借金王」と名乗りました。あなたが大統領でも「借金王」でOKということですか?
13:10
以前、一候補者だった頃のトランプは国の債務を心配していて、借金の再交渉ができないかとか、債権者と交渉する必要があると言っていて、そうしたコメントには多くの反発の声が上がっていました。そこで彼は誰かと重要な会話をしたのではないかと思います。彼はストーリーを変えました。それから彼はこう言い出しました。「言わせてくれ、債権者と交渉する必要などないんだぞ。言いたくはないが、お金を印刷するんだ、OK? 言いたくはないが、デフォルトなんてするわけがないんだ。」 14:10 借金王は気づいたのだと思います。個人や企業がカジノや不動産の資金調達のために借金をすることと、国債を売って国の債務を得ることは異なるのだと。いつでも期限に支払いを実行できるのだということを。
14:40

2016年の選挙でバーニー・サンダースに助言したときはどんな感じでしたか?

そうですね、彼は自分がやりたいことがわかっていたわけです。 私たちが初めて会う前、彼はもうすでにアジェンダを打ち出していました。 彼の12項目のアジェンダは大統領選挙を戦う中での一種の岩盤となっていました。なので私ができることについては貢献できましたが、彼の大きな政策のアイデアは私が関わる前に形ができていたのです。
 Malter: Are you working with any of the 2020 candidates on the Democratic side currently.
Kelton: Yes.
Malter: And you’ll just leave it at that?
Kelton: I better, because if they don’t go public then I don’t go public.
Malter: If not Bernie in 2020 who do you think is in a position to sort of make the best stand with regard to some of these big Democratic proposals?
Kelton: I just look at the field, you know, the people who have entered so far, and I see Democrats kind of swinging for the fences. I think you’re seeing more ambitious policy proposals this time than, you know, you would have seen probably if the way hadn’t been paved for this kind of thing in 2016. So there are a lot of people: Sen. Booker’s got a big proposal for doing something called “baby bonds.” Sen. Harris is talking about very big tax cuts for the middle class. Sen. Warren’s talking about a green new deal. Sen. Sanders has talked about a job guarantee. So there’s just all kinds of big stuff out there and I think there’s just going to potentially be a lot of excitement in the Democratic Party around some of these big ideas.

バーニーが2020に出馬しないとすれば、おっしゃるような大規模な民主党提案についてベストな立ち位置にいる人は誰とお考えですか?

17:20
立候補を表明した人たちを観察しています。民主党員は大きく揺れていることがわかります。 前回より野心的な政策提案が出ています。2016年にはまだ道が舗装されていなかったようなことです。ブッカー上院議員は「赤ちゃん国債」と呼ばれる大きな提案をしています。 ハリス上院議員は、中産階級への大減税を言っています。 ウォーレン上院議員はグリーンニューディールを。 サンダース上院議員はジョブギャランティーについて話しています。このように、そこにはあらゆる種類の大きなものが揃っています。これらの大きなアイデアを中心に、民主党には非常にエキサイティングな可能性があると思います。


あなたは現在民主党側の2020人の候補者のうちの誰かと働いていますか?

ええ。

この話題はこのくらいにしておきますか?

そうですね、彼らが公開しないうちは公開できません。


With U.S. government deficits increasing again and big spending plans coming from potential Democratic candidates for president, we thought it would be prudent to have a conversation with Stephanie Kelton. She’s a proponent of Modern Monetary Theory (MMT), the economic rational cited by rising political stars like Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez D-N.Y.
Kelton currently works as a professor of public policy and economics at Stony Brook University. Previously, she served as chief economist for the Democrats on the U.S. Senate Budget Committee and was a senior economic advisor to Bernie Sanders′ 2016 presidential campaign.
Below is the Q&A with Kelton, edited for time and clarity. She was being interviewed for a CNBC Digital video.
Jordan Malter, CNBC: You wrote an article in The New York Times. It was titled, “How we think about the deficit is mostly wrong.” What’s the conventional thinking and why is it wrong?
Stephanie Kelton: So the conventional thinking about budget deficits, I think, tends to be that people look at a deficit and they think that it’s evidence of overspending. They think it’s evidence the government is mismanaging its books. That it’s done something wrong. [But] evidence of overspending is inflation.
So what is the budget deficit? I like to do this by using an example. I think it helps people. If you think of the government deficit as the difference between what the government spends into the economy and what it taxes back out, then imagine a government that spends $100 into the U.S. economy but it only taxes $90 back out. We label that a government deficit and we record that on the government’s books. But what we forget to do, is pay attention to the fact that there’s now $10 somewhere in the economy that wouldn’t have been there otherwise, that is put there by the government’s deficit. In other words, their deficits become our surpluses. So when we talk about the government having all this red ink, we have to remind ourselves that their red ink becomes our black ink, and their deficits are our surpluses.
Malter: So, do deficits and aggregate debt matter at all? At some point can a country have too much debt?
Kelton: So the deficit definitely matters. It’s just that it matters in ways that we’re not normally taught to understand. Normally, I think people tend to hear deficit and think it’s something that we should strive to eliminate, that we shouldn’t be running budget deficits. That they’re evidence of fiscal irresponsibility. And the truth is the deficit can be too big. Evidence of a deficit that’s too big would be inflation.
But the deficit can also be too small. It can be too small to support demand in the economy and evidence of a deficit that is too small is unemployment. So, deficits can be too big, but they can also be too small. And the right level of the deficit is the one that gets you a balanced overall economy. The one that allows you to achieve high levels of employment and low inflation.
Malter: Where does growth play into this? You’re saying high unemployment means that the deficit might be too small. Is low growth also a sign of the deficit being too small?
Kelton: Well, it depends because you’ve got to balance the potential benefits from higher growth against the risks of higher inflation. And so you may see a slow-growing economy that has close to full employment and inflation at about 2 percent. The question is then: Should you expand fiscal policy? Should you run bigger budget deficits in order to boost growth? So what is the objective? What is the proper policy goal? I think the right policy goal is to maintain a balanced economy where you’re at full employment and you’re guarding against an acceleration in inflation risk.
Economists tend to understand that the kinds of things that you can do to boost longer-term growth are investments in things like education, infrastructure, R&D. Those are the sorts of things that tend to accelerate productivity growth so that longer-term real GDP growth can be higher. So there are ways in which the government can make investments today — that increase deficits today — that produce higher growth tomorrow and build in the extra capacity to absorb those higher deficits.
Malter: I want to talk a little bit more about the policy proposals a little bit later but before that, Modern Monetary Theory — MMT — can you explain that?
Kelton: MMT starts with a really simple observation and that is that the U.S. dollar is a simple public monopoly. In other words, the United States currency comes from the United States government. It can’t come from anywhere else. And therefore, it can never run out of money. It cannot face a solvency problem, bills coming due that it can’t afford to pay. It never has to worry about finding the money in order to be able to spend. It doesn’t need to go and raise taxes or borrow money before it is able to spend.
So what that means is that the federal government is nothing like a household. In order for households or private businesses to be able to spend, they’ve got to come up with the money, right? And the federal government doesn’t have to behave like a household. In fact, it becomes really destructive for the economy if the government tries to behave like a household. You and I are using the U.S. dollar. States and municipalities — the state of Kansas or Detroit — they’re also using the U.S. dollar. Private businesses are using the dollar. The federal government of the United States is issuing our currency, and so we have a very different relationship to the currency. That means that in order to spend, the government doesn’t have to do what a household or a private business has to do: find the money. The government can simply spend the money into the economy and when it does, the rest of us end up receiving that spending as part of our income.
Malter: How much is too much? The CBO estimates that if things remain unchanged, the debt will be 152 percent of GDP in 2048. That will be the highest in the nation’s history. Is that too much?
Kelton: Let’s remember what the national debt is. The national debt is nothing more than a historical record of all of the dollars that the government spent into the economy and didn’t tax back that are currently being held in the form of safe U.S. Treasurys. That’s what the national debt is. So the question about whether the debt is too big or too small (or whether it might get too big at some point in the future) is really a question about whether that’s too many safe assets for people to hold 10, 20, 50 years from now.
If you think about what happened after World War II, when the U.S. national debt went in excess of 100 percent, close to 125 percent of GDP. If we were talking about it the way we talk about it today as burdening future generations as posing a grave national security risk, we would have to scratch our heads and say, wait a minute. Do we think that our grandparents burdened the next generation with all of those bonds that were sold during World War II to win the war, build the strongest middle class, produce the longest period of peacetime prosperity, the golden age of capitalism, all of that followed in the wake of fighting World War II, increasing deficits, massively increasing the size of the national debt. And of course the next generation inherits those bonds. They don’t become burdens to the next generation. They become their assets.
So it’s impossible really to put a number, nobody can. How much debt is too much debt? If you look at Japan today you see a country where the debt-to-GDP ratio is something like 240 percent. Well above, orders of magnitude above, where the U.S. is today or even where the U.S. is forecast to be in the future. And so, the question is how is Japan able to sustain a debt of that size? Wouldn’t it have an inflation problem? Wouldn’t it lead to rising interest rates? Wouldn’t this be destructive in some way? And the answer to all of those questions, as Japan has demonstrated now for years is simply: No. Japan’s debt is close to 240 percent of GDP — almost a quadrillion, that’s a very big number, yen. Long-term interest rates are very close to zero, there’s no inflation problem. And so despite the size of the debt there are no negative consequences as a result and I think Japan teaches us a really important lesson.
Really, the only potential risk with the national debt increasing over time is inflation and to the extent that you don’t believe the U.S. has a long-term inflation problem you shouldn’t believe that the U.S. is facing a long-term debt problem.



VIDEO04:09
Next Recession: Global slowdown ‘real’ but U.S. economy ‘resilient’ says Kelton
Malter: Isn’t it a valid concern that printing more money to pay for spending, especially when we’re not in a recession, will result in inflation and destroy the spending power of regular people. 
Kelton: If Congress got together and wrote a budget and decided they were going to put trillions of additional dollars into something like infrastructure investment, noting that our national infrastructure is approaching kind of Third World standards, and they said let’s put several trillion dollars in and not offset any of that new spending. They just said, “Let’s spend $3 trillion more into the U.S. economy.” Would that be problematic? The answer is almost certainly yes, because we have an economy that has approached full employment (I don’t believe we’re there).
But the question is always: How much capacity does the economy have to absorb any new spending without prices beginning to rise?
So look, the Republicans passed the tax cuts and we now know that that added about $1.9 trillion to deficits over the next 10 years. There were people at the time who said, “The U.S. economy cannot take $1.9 trillion in fiscal stimulus. We’re at full employment, if we do this it’s going to create all kinds of problems. Interest rates will spike, inflation will accelerate, growth will slow.” None of those things happened and the answer to the question why is because the economy had the capacity to absorb it.
Malter: From my understanding, one way to fight inflation (if we do get to that point of inflation) under MMT, is to raise taxes. So my question there is: Isn’t it the wrong time to raise taxes when people are having trouble paying for basic goods? And is that even politically feasible? It seems like it would be easier to have the Fed raise rates or something like that?
Kelton: So the best defense against inflation is a good offense, and what MMT does is to try to be I think kind of hypersensitive to the risks of inflation. I don’t see any other macro school of thought pay as careful attention as we do to the inflation risk question. And so what we would say is: Look, if you are Congress and if you are considering a new spending bill, instead of thinking about the ways in which that new spending will add to the deficit or add to the debt, you should be thinking about the ways in which that new spending has the risk of accelerating inflation. And then avoid doing that.
So instead of going to the Congressional Budget Office and saying, “Would you take a look at this piece of legislation and give us feedback? We’d like to know what this bill will do to the debt and the deficit over time.” Instead, go to the Congressional Budget Office or other government agencies and say, “We’re considering passing this trillion-dollar investment in infrastructure. This is our bill would you look at it? And we plan to do this spending over the course of the next five years. Tell us if that would create problems in the real economy. Evaluate the inflation risk and come back to us and give us some feedback.” And if that feedback comes back and they say five years is too fast, we don’t have enough slack in the U.S. economy you should spread it over seven or 10, that’s the kind of responsible budgeting that I think that I would like to see Congress begin to move toward.
So there is always the risk of inflation with any additional spending once you get close to full employment. Not just from government, but if the rest of the world increase their appetite suddenly for the goods and services that we produce here in the U.S. and we’re already at full employment, then foreign demand carries inflation risk. If consumers got very optimistic, if we had a housing bubble and people were leveraging up using the equity in their homes to finance new spending, that spending would carry inflation risk. So there’s always the risk of inflation if you spend too much. What MMT tries to do is to maintain the level of spending in the aggregate at the level that is just compatible with full employment and price stability.
The question about what to do if inflation becomes a problem is a different one. And I think the first thing you have to do is say: “What is driving the inflation? What’s the source of the inflationary pressure?” Because to think that the inflation that is going to be become important at some future date is likely to be the result of an overheating economy of too much aggregate spending is really hard to believe.
I mean, the U.S. economy hasn’t experienced what we might call Demand-Pull Inflation for almost a century. The types of inflation episodes that have been important in the U.S. have almost always come on the cost side, what we call Cost-Push Inflation. They come about because of things like oil price shocks. You might see increases in headline inflation rates because the housing component or health care. Energy is the more likely. These tend to be the more important drivers of inflation.
And so when you think about how to fight inflation, I think the first question is to understand what the source of the inflationary pressure is and then to move forward with a policy tool that you think is going to help you get at that inflation. If you’ve got inflation resulting from energy price increases it’s probably not going to do much to have the Fed raise interest rates or even to have Congress raise taxes. You’ve got to do something else that’s going to work.
I reject the idea that MMT is about using taxes to fight inflation. That’s a mischaracterization of pretty much everything we’ve written, but people say it all the time.
Malter: From your perspective what is it OK to spend on versus what do you think is sort of a waste of deficit spending?
Kelton: So it’s a great thing to think about: How close are we to having an economy that is already using its resources so fully that if the government were to try to come in, or if any additional spending were to happen, that we would see an acceleration of inflation to levels that we find intolerable.
So are there things the government could safely spend money on today even though we may have an economy that’s very close to approaching full employment? And I think the answer is yes, because there are things the government can spend money on today that actually create more room in the economy to produce more, so that we can absorb that additional spending. The kinds of investments that would allow you to do that would be things like infrastructure investment, like R&D. Things that lead to breakthroughs, technological innovation that allow the economy to be more productive, that raise productivity. Education is another good example.
Malter: There’s a lot of chatter about debt and deficits but I feel like there’s not a lot of action. So in some ways haven’t politicians already taken your advice and they’ve just kept cutting taxes and kept spending?
Kelton: I think that in a sense the Republican tax cuts have given us a really good lesson in MMT. The risks are always on the inflation side. And so again many economists were warning that the tax cuts would be risky and irresponsible and have all kinds of negative effects, according to traditional modeling and traditional approaches. And now the evidence is in, and once again we have engaged in deficit spending without any of the fallout the textbooks and the conventional narratives have warned about, so I think it’s a pretty good lesson in MMT.



VIDEO05:41
Stephanie Kelton on Trump and 2020
Malter: With regard to our president, he has coined himself “The King of Debt” before and you mentioned how personal debt and business debt is very different for government debt. So is it OK to be the “King of Debt” when you’re the president of the United States?
Kelton: At some point [Trump] said, you know after initially worrying about the national debt as a candidate, he talked about the need to possibly renegotiate the debt, negotiate with our creditors and there was a lot of backlash against those comments. And I think he had a really important conversation with someone and then he changed his narrative. He came out and he said, “Let me tell you, you don’t have to negotiate with your creditors OK? I hate to tell you but we print the money OK? I hate to tell you there’s never going to be a default.” So, I think the king of debt figured out that there’s a difference between taking on debt to finance casinos and real estate in your personal capacity or in your capacity as a business, and taking on and selling Treasurys and having a national debt and being able to afford to make every payment on time in perpetuity.
Malter: What was it like advising Bernie Sanders back in the 2016 election?
Kelton: Well he knew what he wanted to do. He already had an agenda laid out before the two of us even met for the first time. He had a 12-point agenda that became sort of the bedrock for his presidential run. And so I was useful to him where I could be, but the big policy ideas had taken shape really before I got involved.
Malter: Are you working with any of the 2020 candidates on the Democratic side currently.
Kelton: Yes.
Malter: And you’ll just leave it at that?
Kelton: I better, because if they don’t go public then I don’t go public.
Malter: If not Bernie in 2020 who do you think is in a position to sort of make the best stand with regard to some of these big Democratic proposals?
Kelton: I just look at the field, you know, the people who have entered so far, and I see Democrats kind of swinging for the fences. I think you’re seeing more ambitious policy proposals this time than, you know, you would have seen probably if the way hadn’t been paved for this kind of thing in 2016. So there are a lot of people: Sen. Booker’s got a big proposal for doing something called “baby bonds.” Sen. Harris is talking about very big tax cuts for the middle class. Sen. Warren’s talking about a green new deal. Sen. Sanders has talked about a job guarantee. So there’s just all kinds of big stuff out there and I think there’s just going to potentially be a lot of excitement in the Democratic Party around some of these big ideas.

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ステファニー・ケルトン「赤字をどう考えるかが違っている」 BY ステファニー・ケルトン(OCT. 5, 2017)

ニューヨークタイムスの ”How We Think About the Deficit Is Mostly Wrong”
(ttps://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/05/opinion/deficit-tax-cuts-trump.html)

九ページにまとめられた「フレームワーク」を掲げ、トランプ大統領と議会共和党は、政策アジェンダを勝利に結びつけるべく減税を目指しています。 トランプ氏は「わが国の歴史の中で最大の減税」を提供すると約束していました。
対してワシントンでは珍しく超党派的な意見の一致が見られます – 右派からも、左派からも、この計画が赤字を増やす可能性があるという心配の声が上がっています。 民主党のチャールズ・シュメル上院議員(ニューヨーク州)は、この計画が赤字を5兆〜7兆ドルも深刻化させると警告しました。 共和党のボブ・コーカー氏(テネシー州)は、「1ペニーでも赤字を増やすと思われるようなら、法案に投票するつもりはない」と述べました。
果たしてこの減税提案は、裕福な人々への大きな贈り物でしょうか? それは確実です。ではこの減税は、宣伝されている通りに好況を呼び起こし、広く恩恵を人々にもたらすでしょうか? 私はそうは思いません。トランプ氏の計画は、今でさえ危険なまでのに広がっている富や所得の格差をさらに拡大させするものです。減税の恩恵のほとんどはトップ富裕層に行ってしまい、消費者全体の支出や雇用全体の改善にはほとんど影響しないものだからです。
この計画に反対する理由なら、これだけでもう十分です。しかし単純に減税に反対するのは、またこの件に限らず、単に赤字を増やすからと言う理由で国の法案に反対するのは賢明ではありません。
なぜでしょう? 国の財政は赤字が増えても壊滅などしないからです。しかし残念なことにワシントンでは財政効果が太陽で、あらゆることがその周りをまわっています。私たちは、一兆ドルを、史上最大の減税ではなく、ぼろぼろのインフラに対してやメディケア・フォー・オール法案に使うべきなのではないでしょうか。
このような提案すると誰もが口にする言葉があります。「どうやってそれを支払うのですか?」理由は簡単です。議員たちは、赤字の増加を避けることに頭を占領されてます。
まるでパブロフの犬です。これがいつも私たちを押し戻すのです。どちらの党の政治家たちも、財政政策の指針として赤字の額を使うのは止めるべきです。 そんなことより、生活水準を高め、長期的な繁栄に不可欠である教育・技術・インフラへの公共投資を目的とした法律を作っていくべきなのです。
ところが今、挑戦的なことは何であれ議会予算局(CBO)に採点されます。 良い法案であっても「悪い」スコア(つまり財政赤字が増えるとみられるもの)が出るとすぐに廃案にさせられます。 議員たちは「帳尻が合わない」と説得されてしまうからです。これが問題です。
実際のところ、帳尻は常に合います。このことは政府のバランスシートよりも広い視野で見なければわかりません。こう考えてください。政府の支出が経済に新たなお金を足し、その一部が税によって取り除かれます。 プラスとマイナスが絶えず起こります。そして彼らのマイナスが私たちのプラスです。
政府の支出が税金よりも多い時、政府の帳簿に「赤字」が記帳されます。しかしそれは話の半分です。 残り半分の話は、簡単な複式簿記の原理によって浮かび上がってきます。 たとえば政府が経済に100ドルを支出し、税金で90ドルを徴収し、誰かのところに10ドルが残っているとします。 この増えた10ドルは誰かの帳簿に黒字として記帳されます。 つまり政府の赤字10ドルは、経済の他の部分の誰かの黒字10ドルと常に一致します。 ミスマッチはありません。 バランスシートはバランスしていなければいけません。 政府の財政赤字とは、経済における「政府以外の黒字」の写し鏡なのです。
問題は政策立案者がいつも片目だけ閉じていることです。彼らは財政赤字だけ見ていますが、対応するもう半分の黒字を見落としています。 多くの米国人もそれを見逃しているので、政府予算のバランスを取る努力に拍車がかかります。それが民間部門の黒字消滅を意味しているにもかかわらずです。
誤解が広まりすぎているため、米国人は、ナショナリストたちが国債が外国に買われる危険性を煽ろうとする恐怖戦術にすぐ引っかかります。中国(でもそれ以外の国でも)が米国の財政赤字のための支払いを拒絶することを心配する理由など、ぜんぜんないというのが本当です。経済の中にお金を送り込むこと自体が国債の対価なので、政府支出とは自己ファイナンスと考えるべきなのが事実です。
赤字ができて、その新しいお金の一部が国債と交換できるということです。公的議論でいつも欠落しているのが、国債を購入するためのお金は赤字支出自体から来ているという事実です。
政府が国債に金利を払っている事実は見逃してもらえません。議員たちは、財政に占める金利とは、ちょうど家計の中でどんどん膨れ上がっていくケーブルビル(訳注:ケーブルテレビやネット回線などの費用。悩む家庭が増えているそうです)のようなものという考えに囚われています。それは違います。家計と違い、政府は財政の帳尻を合わせるために他の費用を削る必要がありません。議会はいつでも自由自在に財政出動の余地を創り出すことができるのです。教育・インフラ・防衛などにもっと多くのリソースを投入するためにです。それは純政治的な意思決定です。
もちろんできることには現実の限界があります。労働力・機械・コンクリート・鉄鋼がなければ、大規模なインフラ投資を約束することはできません。支出が過多になるとインフレという問題が発生します。私たち人々や工場、原材料を効率的に使用するように財政を調整していくのがポイントです。
ところが「債務」と「赤字」という言葉が政治的な目的のために武器になっているキャピトルヒルにおいては、上のような話が認識すらされません。この二つの単語は、困っている地域社会への資源の投入を拒否したり、当たり前の計画への需要を減らそうとする政治家の格好のボディアーマー(訳注:防弾チョッキのすごいやつ)です。
人を騙すために財政赤字を使う「芸」にかけて、下院議長のポール・ライアンよりも熟練している人はいないでしょう。彼は予算見通しを「財政の脱線」と言い表したり、将来の世代が「債務負担に押しつぶされる」ことから守るのだ、などと言って、社会保障やメディケアなどのプログラムの予算削減を主張します。彼は選挙の洗礼を受けた、扇動的な言葉を選びます。「急いで収支を均衡させなければ」という雰囲気を創り出すのが目的です。この雰囲気により私たちは、国の支出の「帳尻が合わなければ」と言われることになっているのです。
合理的な世界になれば、議員たちは、今のような単純なCBO式の採点モデルなど捨て去り、過多な支出によるリスクとは破産ではなくインフレーションだと認識するでしょう。債務シーリングをめぐる実りのない論争など存在せず、債務とはそれ自体が不平等や貧困や経済停滞と戦う武器として配備されるものなのだと理解されるでしょう。
ステファニー・ケルトン、上院予算委員会民主党の元チーフエコノミストので、ストーニーブルック大学の公共政策と経済学の教授。

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