東大在学中に数学者、佐藤幹夫に認められる。佐藤が京都大学数理解析研究所に移るのに伴い京大へ。佐藤幹夫の弟子として、佐藤の代数解析学を供に建設、発展に尽力している。
主な業績として超局所解析学、極大過剰決定系の理論、量子群の結晶基底、大域基底の理論、D-加群、柏原–Malgrange の V-filtration など。Helgason 予想、Lusztig 予想の解決に貢献。Kazhdan–Lusztig 予想、一般次元 Riemann–Hilbert 問題(ヒルベルトの第21問題の一般化、特異点問題も含んだ形で)の解決、層Cにおける佐藤定理への貢献。
- Microfunctions and pseudo-differential eauations, Lecture Notes in Math. 287, Springer, 265-529, (1973). (with M. Sato and T. Kawai)
- Masaki Kahashiwara: Introduction to Microlocal Analysis. L'Enseignement Mathématique. 32, Université de Genève. 1986.
- Masaki Kashiwara: Algebraic Study of Systems of Partial Differential Equations,
(Master's Thesis, Tokyo University, December 1970) Mémoires 63, translated by Andrea D'Agnolo and Jean-Pierre Schneiders, Société Mathématique de France 1995: ISBN 2-85629-046-9
- Masaki Kashiwara and Pierre Schapira: Sheaves on Manifolds.Springer-Verlag. Berlin Heidelberg New York.1990: ISBN 3-540-51861-4.
- Masaki Kashiwara and Pierre Schapira: Categories and Sheaves.Springer-Verlag. Berlin Heidelberg New York.2005: ISBN 3540279490
- Seminar on micro-local analysis / by Victor W. Guillemin, Masaki Kashiwara, and Takahiro Kawai (1979), ISBN 978-0691082325
- Systems of microdifferential equations / Masaki Kashiwara ; notes and translation by Teresa Monteiro Fernandes ; introduction by Jean-Luc Brylinski (1983), ISBN 978-0817631383
- Foundations of algebraic analysis / by Masaki Kashiwara, Takahiro Kawai, and Tatsuo Kimura ; translated by Goro Kato (1986), ISBN 978-0691084138
- Algebraic analysis : papers dedicated to Professor Mikio Sato on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday / edited by Masaki Kashiwara, Takahiro Kawai (1988), ISBN 978-0124004665
- Topological field theory, primitive forms and related topics / Masaki Kashiwara et al.(1998), ISBN 978-0817639754
- Physical combinatorics / Masaki Kashiwara, Tetsuji Miwa, editors (2000), ISBN 978-1461271215
- MathPhys Odyssey 2001 : integrable models and beyond : in honor of Barry M. McCoy / Masaki Kashiwara, Tetsuji Miwa, editors (2002), ISBN 978-0817642600
- D-modules and microlocal calculus / Masaki Kashiwara ; translated by Mutsumi Saito (2003), ISBN 978-0821827666
- Bases cristallines des groupes quantiques / Masaki Kashiwara (rédigé par Charles Cochet) ; Cours Spécialisés 9 (2002), viii+115 pages, ISBN 978-2856291269
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