Stephanie K.: What I would suggest instead I guess is, to picture a bathroom sink or a bathtub, and to think of the government spending… think of a vertical line rather than a circle. From the very top, the government is spending money into the economy, so maybe that’s the water coming [00:20:00] from the faucet into the sink.
Stephanie K.: Now, the economy is being flooded with some dollars that were spent into it. At the same time, the government is taxing some of that out, and so that’s the drain. That’s just shooting straight down and it’s just gone. It doesn’t go back to government and fund the next round of spending.
Stephanie K.: It’s more like, I don’t like the metaphor of printing money, but if I’m going to use it, I’ll say that spending is like hitting in the print key on the keyboard, and taxing is like hitting [00:20:30] the delete key. It’s just removing some of the money that the government spent into the economy. I think, yeah, a vertical line works better.
Stephanie K .:その代わりに私が推薦するのは、浴室の流しや浴槽を描き、政府の支出を考えることです…円ではなく縦線を考えることです。一番上から、政府は経済にお金を使っているので、多分それは蛇口から流しに入ってくる水である[00:20:00]。
For example, when the government spends on goods and services (G), this leads to an inflow of income to the private sector. On the other hand, taxes (T) are a drain on the private sector. In the graph below, G is greater than T, so the bathtub savings of the private sector rises.
1.3 Stocks, flows, and balance sheet: a bathtub analogy
Each item in the balance sheet of a firm, household, or government records the outstanding amount of an asset or a liability. The outstanding amount is a stock, that is, the measure of value at a point in time. Stocks are affected by flows because inflows accumulate to a stock, while outflows reduce a stock.
Maybe a better way to look at it is in terms of a bathtub. Below is a bathtub half full of water. The water in the tub is called the stock of water. Currently, there is no water flowing in the tub from the faucet, and there is a stopper on the drain so no water is flowing out of the tub. Thus the stock of water remains the same. This initial level of water will be used as point of reference below.
Initial amount of water
The stable level of water in the bathtub would be similar to having deposits in a checking account (a stock of deposits) and neither receiving any deposits (no inflow), nor spending any deposits (no outflow). It also would be similar to having an outstanding amount of debts and not taking on more debt nor repaying any debts.
What would happen if suddenly we turn on the faucet? Water would flow into the tub and the stock of water would rise.
Outstanding amount of water rises
This is like receiving a monetary income and saving it, so the amount of deposits in a checking account would rise. This would also be similar to buying a new car and keeping the old one: the stock of cars owned would rise. Of course if we now turn off the faucet and remove the stopper on the drain, the water in the tub would flow out of the tub and the stock of water would decline until nothing is left in the tub. The equivalent of this in terms of a checking account would be that someone does not receive income but still spends. This is called dissaving and would lead to a decline in the outstanding funds in the checking account until all the deposits were gone. Similarly, if someone repays her debts and does not borrow more, her outstanding amount of debts declines.
Finally, if both the faucet and drain are open, the outstanding amount of water will rise if the inflow of water from the faucet is greater than the outflow of water through the drain. In terms of a checking account that would mean that the income inflow is greater than the outflow due to spending, so the individual is saving. The income saved adds to the outstanding stock of funds in the checking account. If the individual spends more than income, dissaving depletes the checking account. In terms of the tub, if more water flows out the drain than flows from the faucet, the tub empties.
One of the central goals of national accounting (Flow of Funds Accounts and National Income and Product Accounts) is to account for all the flows and all the stocks for all assets and liabilities of the private sector, the government, and the rest of the world. The common measure used to measure stocks and flows is the monetary unit of account (Dollar, Euro, etc.). It is not always easy to measure everything in monetary terms because the monetary value of some stocks and flows is hard to know. One reason is that some things are not purchased directly or at all (What is the monetary value of public lighting? What about a public park? What is the value of the vegetables grown in your garden?). Another reason is that some inflows and outflows escape measurements (there are leakages in the water pipes and water evaporates from the tub) because there is no recording for them. Some people lose cash; someone’s old car may get stolen and wrecked and a claim is not reported. More broadly, there are a lot of underground economic activities that are not recorded anywhere. Thus in practice some statistical discrepancies will emerge in accounting from difficulty of measurement or unavailability of data.
Another goal of national accounting is to see how economic sectors relate to each other. For example, when the government spends on goods and services (G), this leads to an inflow of income to the private sector. On the other hand, taxes (T) are a drain on the private sector. In the graph below, G is greater than T, so the bathtub savings of the private sector rises.
Private sector
Government deficit and private sector
In this simple case the government is deficit spending and the private sector is saving, so the water in the tub increases. This gives us the first part of the well-known National Income and Product Accounts accounting identity:
S ≡ (G –T)
The flow of the private sector saving (S) is equal by definition to the size of the fiscal deficit (G –T). They can never be different from one another (hence the three bars equals sign, which stands for “true by identity”).
Technically this is true for a two-sector economy, with a government sector and a household sector. Once we add business firms to the household sector, that is like adding another faucet, for investment spending by firms. That augments our identity to: S ≡ (G –T) + I, where I stands for private domestic investment.
If we added a foreign sector, we would need another faucet (exports) and drain (imports), and then our full identity would be: S ≡ (G –T) + I + NX (where NX is net exports). This is our aggregate saving identity.
もし我々が外国部門を追加するならば、我々は別の蛇口(輸出)と排水(輸入)を必要とするでしょう、そして我々の完全なアイデンティティは次のようになるでしょう:S≡(G - T)+ I + NX(ここでNXは純輸出)。 これが私たちの総合的な貯蓄アイデンティティです。
MMT is a relatively new approach that builds on the insights of John Maynard Keynes, Karl Marx, A. Mitchell Innes, Georg F. Knapp, Abba Lerner, Hyman Minsky, Wynne Godley, and many others. It “stands on the shoulders of giants”, so to speak. (Wray2012)
Modern Money Theory: A Primer on Macroeconomics for Sovereign Monetary Systems (English Edition)2nd Edition, Kindle版 L. Randall Wray (著) 2015^2012
Contents
List of Figures Preface to the Second Edition Definitions About the Author Introduction: The Basics of Modern Money Theory ☆ 1The Basics of Macroeconomic Accounting 1.1The basics of accounting for stocks and flows 1.2MMT, sectoral balances, and behavior 1.3Stocks, flows, and balance sheet: a bathtub analogy 1.4Government budget deficits are largely nondiscretionary: the case of the Great Recession of 2007 1.5Accounting for real versus financial (or nominal) 1.6Recent US sectoral balances: Goldilocks and the global crash 2Spending by Issuer of Domestic Currency 2.1What is a sovereign currency? 2.2What backs up currency and why would anyone accept it? 2.3Taxes drive money 2.4What if the population refuses to accept the domestic currency? 2.5Record keeping in the money of account 2.6Sovereign currency and monetizing real assets 2.7Sustainability conditions 3The Domestic Monetary System: Banking and Central Banking 3.1IOUs denominated in the national currency 3.2Clearing and the pyramid of liabilities 3.3Central bank operations in crisis: lender of last resort 3.4Balance sheets of banks, monetary creation by banks, and interbank settlement 3.5Exogenous interest rates and quantitative easing 3.6The technical details of central bank and treasury coordination: the case of the Fed 3.7Treasury debt operations 3.8Conclusions on the central bank and treasury roles 4Fiscal Operations in a Nation That Issues Its Own Currency 4.1Introductory principles 4.2Effects of sovereign government budget deficits on saving, reserves, and interest rates 4.3Government budget deficits and the “two-step” process of saving 4.4What if foreigners hold government bonds? 4.5Currency solvency and the special case of the US dollar 4.6Sovereign currency and government policy in the open economy 4.7What about a country that adopts a foreign currency? 5Tax Policy for Sovereign Nations 5.1Why do we need taxes? The MMT perspective 5.2What are taxes for? The MMT approach 5.3Taxes for redistribution 5.4Taxes and the public purpose 5.5Tax bads, not goods 5.6Bad taxes 6Modern Money Theory and Alternative Exchange Rate Regimes 6.1The gold standard and fixed exchange rates 6.2Floating exchange rates 6.3Commodity money coins? Metalism versus nominalism, from Mesopotamia to Rome 6.4Commodity money coins? Metalism versus nominalism, after Rome 6.5Exchange rate regimes and sovereign defaults 6.6The Euro: the set-up of a non-sovereign currency 6.7The crisis of the Euro 6.8Endgame for the Euro? 6.9Currency regimes and policy space: conclusion 7Monetary and Fiscal Policy for Sovereign Currencies: What Should Government Do? 7.1Just because government can afford to spend does not mean government ought to spend more 7.2The “free” market and the public purpose 7.3Functional finance 7.4Functional finance versus the government budget constraint 7.5The debate about debt limits (US case) 7.6A budget stance for economic stability and growth 7.7Functional finance and exchange rate regimes 7.8Functional finance and developing nations 7.9Exports are a cost, imports are a benefit: a functional finance approach 8Policy for Full Employment and Price Stability 8.1Functional finance and full employment 8.2The JG/ ELR for a developing nation 8.3Program manageability 8.4The JG/ ELR and real world experience 8.5The JG and inequality 8.6Conclusions on full employment policy 8.7MMT for Austrians: can a Libertarian support the JG? 9Inflation and Sovereign Currencies 9.1Inflation and the Consumer Price Index 9.2Alternative explanations of hyperinflation 9.3Real-world hyperinflations 9.4Conclusions on hyperinflation 9.5Quantitative Easing and inflation 9.6Conclusion: MMT and policy 10Conclusions: Modern Money Theory for Sovereign Currencies 10.1MMT got it right: the Global Financial Crisis 10.2MMT got it right: the Euro Crisis 10.3Creationism versus redemptionism: how a money-issuer really lends and spends 10.4Growing recognition of the need for Job Guarantee 10.5MMT and external constraints: to fix or to float, that is the question 10.6A meme for money Notes Bibliography Index
☆
MMT is a relatively new approach that builds on the insights of John Maynard Keynes, Karl Marx, A. Mitchell Innes, Georg F. Knapp, Abba Lerner, Hyman Minsky, Wynne Godley, and many others. It “stands on the shoulders of giants”, so to speak.
2008年の金融危機を予言した12人のひとりキーンも『次なる金融危機』で
レイのMMT説を好意的に紹介している。
レイもキーンもミンスキーの金融不安定仮説を支持する。
レイにはミンスキー紹介の単著↓もある。
Why Minsky Matters: An Introduction to the Work of a Maverick Economist (English Edition) Kindle版
P.S. ‘QE unwind’ is Wizard of Oz type stuff. It’s a prototype of end-game Pure MMT. It’s just a matter of time before they pull back the curtain and just level with everyone that federal gov’t DEFICIT spending (that isn’t ‘funded’ by taxes) is ‘cash-financed’—that bonds never have to be issued and sold in the first place. Treasury bonds are needed to be issued and sold to fulfill savings desires, yes; to help keep inflation in check, yes; to keep a running count of and to keep Congress having the ‘power of the purse’ on deficit spending, yes; but to ‘fund’ deficit spending, no. Something like a ‘QR’ is what it will take to change mainstream thinking from where we are now—from today’s MMT phase (where federal deficit spending is cash-financed under a guise of being ‘bond-financed’)—to the after, fully post-gold standard, end-game Pure MMT phase (where we stop saying ‘federal debt’, federal ‘deficit’ spending or even trade ‘deficit’).
The main features of the diagram are two “pots” containing Dollars. One pot is labeled the Private Sector (PS). This is basically the national economy—businesses and corporations, families and foundations, state and local governments, etc. All the transactions that occur in the Private Sector (PS) pot add up to what is called the GDP (gross domestic product). The second “pot” is the Federal Government (FG), and the Dollars contained in this pot are SPENT to pay for public goods –weather forecasting, bridge repairs, Medicare services, etc.—and to make the “transfer” payments like social security, unemployment aid and food stamps that many Americans depend on to one degree or another. The diagram shows that the Dollars in the Federal Government (FG) pot are obtained via two spigots in the Private Sector (PS) pot: one spigot is TAXES, the other is the “BORROWING” spigot through which the Federal Government (FG) obtains Dollars by “selling” Treasury Bonds to the Private Sector. So what could possibly be wrong with this diagram? It seems to reflect the everyday reality we read about all the time in our newspapers, right? Before answering that question, let’s look at the National Budgeting dilemmas it poses.
About the Author J.D. ALT is an architect and writer living in Annapolis, Maryland. He has written (and sometimes illustrated) over thirty essays for NEW ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES (www.neweconomicperspectives.org). His novel, The Architect Who Couldn’t Sing, won the 2012 eLIT gold award for architecture. He is currently at work on a book which explores the possibilities of Modern Money Theory and architecture as a collective good. The working title is: HOUSING for the MASSES, DWELLINGS for the SOUL.
本職は建築家であらされる著者氏が、社会におけるマネーフローを「建造物」に見立てて考察する一冊。「常識」とされる一般的理解のマネーフローは「欠陥建築」であり、誤解に基づくマネー配分(国家予算議論)が如何に社会にダメージを与えるかを訴える。ここに描かれるマネーと国家財政と国民経済の姿は固定概念を破壊する真理なのか、とんでもない勘違いなのか、私には判断が出来ないが、緊縮財政派や均衡予算派に真っ向から立ち向かうマネー像がここにある。この本に従うと、米国は永遠に国債残高を積み上げられ、JGB崩壊を叫び続ける人々は喉を枯らしたまま死ぬことになる。という訳で、だいたい以下のような事がマネーフローのダイアグラム付きで書いてある。 国家とは何か。通貨発行権を持ち、その通貨でもって税金を徴収する権利を有する組織のことである。政府が懸念すべきはインフレのみで通貨発行は自由。マネーを創造するのは国家のみ、民間部門ではない(銀行とは国家発行のマネーにレバレッジをかける組織)。国家は民間部門から財とサービスを購入し、マネーを民間部門に流入させる。そして民間部門に満ちたマネーを徴税という形で吸い上げ、「破壊する」。「税収」というが、税金は国家の収入ではない。国家はマネーを創造できるのだから「収入」など必要ない。マネーとは実際のところ「国家による約束」である。何の約束か。「この通貨で税金を受け付けます」って約束。この「約束」があるからこそ、国民通貨は国民通貨たり得ている(脱税すると獄に下るってペナルティ付きだ)。そして国債を売るということは、「国家が借金する」ということではない。国家が民間部門の中のドルをspendingからsavingに移行させることである。そして国家は国債の金利を払うことによりドルを民間部門のspendingに再移行させる。「National Debt」は国債残高のことであるが、これは相方の民間部門から見れば 「National Savings」である。よって、予算を均衡させるという考え方自体がナンセンスなのだ。国家の歳出は税収の制限を受けないのだから。むしろ予算を均衡させたら国家が民間部門に流し込むマネーが滞るのだからよろしくない。この構図では、国家が懸念すべきはインフレのみなのである。 これが真実なら私のJGB投資は安泰…というのは置いといて、「あるべき姿」ではなく「現実のマネー機能」を描き出したらこうなる、という感じなのかもしれないが、これが現実ならば、「財政政策と金融政策分離」という面妖な構造でもって成り立つEUが「大いなる勘違い」によって作られたカタストロフェ装置だったということが明らかになるのである。「当時の欧州エリートたちはいったいナニを考えてた?」と後知恵で唖然とするのが大勢であろうが、おそらく、モダンマネーについて「知らなかった」ってな単純な話であろうと思う。しかし後半に行くに従って目が点々化したのだが、シロートの私としては一応、金本位主義者の方々に「ゴールドで税金が払えます?」ってな反論が可能になったかもしれない、くらいの感想である。それから通貨量の話ばかりで流通速度に関する考慮がないのはちょっと心許ない。ちなみに本書を読んだせいで、本書主張とは真逆を行く「Money is gold」派のジム・リカーズ氏の『The New Case for Gold』を衝動買いしてしまった。
参考: DIAGRAMS & DOLLARS: Modern Money Illustrated Kindle Edition 全41頁 by J.D. ALT (Author)2014 https://images-fe.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51CaV93sOqL.jpg
現代貨幣理論を台所に例えると https://pbs.twimg.com/media/D7ee5zKUcAA7l4W.jpg Infographic by Jim McGowan. https://medium.com/makingofamillionaire/public-debt-can-we-afford-it-f4fedf6e219d https://www.yesmagazine.org/new-economy/how-the-government-could-end-the-student-debt-crisis-today/sinkgraphicbymcgowan720.jpg
ケルトン教授ラジオインタビュー
https://onomatome.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/img15936.jpg
https://www.marketplace.org/2019/01/24/economy/modern-monetary-theory-explained
https://cms.marketplace.org/sites/default/files/MMT_1_web.jpg
https://cms.marketplace.org/sites/default/files/MMT_2_web.jpg
MMTの支持者で、2016年にバーニー・サンダース選挙事務所で経済補佐官だったステファニー・ケルトンは、
政府の通貨量調節と税金の徴収などでこれを調節できると説明する。 経済をシンク台だとして、シンク台に
張る水を貨幣としよう。 政府がシンクの配管を栓で塞ぎ、水道の蛇口を開いて通貨を供給すればシンクに水が
溜まる。 ここでインフレはシンクから水があふれることだが、 これを解決する2種類の方法がある。 シンクに
供給する水の速度を遅らせるのだ。 つまり、政府は通貨供給の支出の速度を下げられる。 それでも水があふれ
そうになれば排水管を開いて(税金徴収を増やして)水(貨幣)を抜く。
http://www.labornetjp.org/worldnews/korea/workers/2019/201903017/view
http://misc.labornetjp.org/www.newscham.net/data/news/photo/3/68163/0319006.jpg
https://video.twimg.com/ext_tw_video/1125843351738044416/pu/vid/1280x720/pV2C7ZEJuJ6RS8vS.mp4 2:20
https://youtu.be/mYVaR2g0M_0
__
[__]
━┻┻━┓①蛇口=政府支出
━━┓_┃
)))
┃~~~~~~~~~┃②水=貨幣(水が溢れるとインフレ)
┃ ┃
┃ ┃
┗━━━┓/┏━━━┛③シンクストッパー=租税政策
━━━┛ ┃
━━━━━┛④配水管=税金